Good Work

GCI Series: Jessica and Good Work

The Global Citizens Initiative hosts an annual Fellowship Summit to cultivate young “global citizens” to become “lifelong leaders of positive change.” In July of 2019, 28 high school students from 15 different countries gathered together for a 10-day experience in Tokyo, Japan. These students are each responsible for the design and development of a service learning project to be carried out over the course of a 10 month period. Their projects are “glocal” – addressing a global problem at a local level. In Tokyo, the students were supported by a group of Teaching Assistants, themselves all alumni of the GCI Fellowship Program. The Good Project has been in consultation with GCI since its formation, and we follow the work of its participants with interest. We recently had the opportunity to catch up with several GCI alums and ask them about their work, their thoughts about Good Work, and reflections about their experiences with GCI.


About Jessica Bannerman Arnold

JBA Good Work.png

Jessica is a recent graduate from the University of Cambridge where she specialized in Politics and Social Anthropology. During this time, Jessica was on the Central Committee for a number of charities in the city, predominantly around homelessness. Currently, Jessica is studying at BPP Law School in London to gain her professional legal qualification; here, she is a part of a number of pro bono projects, mostly working in legal advice clinics. Outside of academia, Jessica is a yoga teacher, a keen long-distance runner and spends her spare time either cooking or reading.

What does it mean to do “good work” today? 

The interesting thing about this question is that it presupposes that what it means to do ‘good work’ today may be different from what it means to do ‘good work’ yesterday, or tomorrow.

Indeed, from personal experience I have found that what I understand to be ‘good work’ has changed over time. When I was introduced to the concept as defined by the Three E’s: Excellence, Ethics and Engagement, I took the intersection of these three core attributes to solely account for work with the exclusive pursuit of the greater good. In short, I was focused on what was ethical. However, today, I see ‘good work’ as being far broader. My understanding changes as my perception of the definition of each term changes, and as I witness more work undertaken by others and question whether or not it is ‘good work’, and why.

In tandem with this personal timeline also runs a collective narrative. What is ‘good work’ today may be different from yesterday and tomorrow because of the cultural moment we find ourselves in and new information that we receive. The increased data and technology that for instance has proven the existence and devastating impact of climate change means that to do ‘good work’ today is different from years gone by, as we must factor in this knowledge and act in accordance with it.

Taking together my personal conception and the collective moment, my opinion is that to do ‘good work’ today is to work with intention and integrity at every stage towards a goal. To me, the engagement, ethics and excellence need not be the goal itself, though it may be, but must be able to be seen at every point of the journey. A good example in this current moment is the Black Lives Matter movement, where there is a great deal of virtue signaling through online platforms, especially by large multinational corporations that have not backed up their statements with action. Though their statements and their goals may be seen as engaged, ethical and excellent, there needs to be more.

This has been highlighted for me as I have completed my yoga teacher training and started teaching. What I considered to be ‘good work’ as a yoga student was much easier to define: being present. In comparison, being a student and a teacher has challenged this. As a teacher I now feel that ‘good work’ in yoga is much more about connection, more about what happens off the mat, and necessitates consideration about the yogic tradition and philosophy.

I have found that this is mirrored in my legal career.  As a student, I have thought that doing ‘good work’ is about respecting the process of learning the law, to equip me to be the best and most effective lawyer I can be. Yet when stepping into the law clinic, I again find that a great deal of being a lawyer is about communication and acting with compassion and understanding beyond the black letters of the law. I expect the importance of communication  will only increase when I am in practice.

Tell us about your understanding of community.  What are the communities of which you feel a part?

I find the idea of community very interesting. On one hand, community creates opportunities for the forming of bonds and collective identities that allow us to support and uplift one another. On the other hand, community can be divisive, in that to have an identity for a group necessitates an “other “group to define in contrast.

The idea of things being ‘socially constructed’ has almost become a cliché, but to me community is socially constructed whether you consider that to be for better or worse.

In my mind, it is for better as I believe that community at its best can be a safe space for individuals to act as support networks, create change and create a feeling of purpose and something bigger than oneself. An interesting sociological take on this has been presented by Durkheim who terms this feeling “collective effervescence.” It is best to explain this with an example, the most cited of which tends to be a crowd at a football match who in singing the club anthem, feels connected and part of something greater than themselves. This is the formation of community that gives each individual purpose, connection and the ability to both support and be supported. 

In experiencing similar moments through singing a school hymn, being matriculated at my college at University, or watching the fireworks where I live for example, I have been made to feel part of my school, University and local community.

Nevertheless, it is the action that comes from these collective feelings that has truly made me feel part of communities. It seems to me that I feel most part of a community when removed from it through proximity. This means that I feel part of the GCI community when an ambassador and I connect when we happen to be in the same place, I meet someone from the same place as me in another country, or attend a class of a yoga teacher I trained with.

This perhaps shows that the unity/division dichotomy I started with may not be such a problematic divide. The fact that I feel part of my University, GCI and sports team’s community most when I am faced with people that are not in that community may show the strength of connection, as long as we are inclusive within these communities.

Is there a particular role model who has helped inspire you to do “good work”, either real or fictional? What is it about this role model that has inspired you?

Seeing my peers pursue studies at the same time as creating incredible networking groups or charities has really inspired me to do ‘good work’. I will spotlight just two of these incredible individuals.

At University, I was involved with May Week Alternative, a student run charity aiming to make giving about celebration. The initiative has gone from strength to strength thanks to the work of the astoundingly dedicated team that were balancing their Cambridge degrees at the same time. The founder himself was a student, and seeing his vision to make a sustainable change through a cultural shift has been a huge source of information.

During this time, I also met a young woman who, on commencing law school after graduation, started a networking platform for women of colour in, or aspiring to be in, the legal industry. Seeing this incredible woman found this movement with consistency, commitment and openness has been an inspiring example of ‘good work’ that I have been lucky enough to witness.

Both of these individuals have worked laboriously for the success of their groups, inspiring me to consider the longevity of each piece of ‘good work’ I set out to do, and how it fits into the wider narrative. 

Tell us about your work.  What projects are you currently involved with? How might what you are doing now relate to the work you began with GCI?

I am currently at law school having recently graduated, and I am also teaching yoga. Whilst I’m doing this, I have been involved with pro bono work with the law school that is hugely rewarding and I sit on the Ambassadors Advisory Council for GCI.

It is important to me to work with local groups in the community, so I have done work around loneliness where I currently live, and around homelessness where I went to University.

What I am doing now relates to the work I began with GCI through a focus on local solutions. It was here that I was introduced to the notion of ‘glocal’ where global issues are addressed through local solutions. On leaving the GCI Summit in 2015 and returning to the UK, I created a project to increase access to political education for children where I live on the basis of research I had done into voting patterns. This ‘glocal’ approach really drives what I do, and is a very important consideration for me when applying to international law firms to start my career.

How do you feel your current projects are connected or not to this view of “good work”? 

There’s a really interesting interview on the Good Project website by John Bliss about teaching ‘good work’ in the law that has made me think about doing ‘good work’ during my legal studies. Combining my studies with pro bono work, I feel that I have been able to connect my work with what I feel to be ‘good work,’ by working with intention. Consistently reminding myself of the Three E’s and using this to navigate the decisions I have to make helps with this, and helps me feel connected to the view of ‘good work’.

I also feel naturally connected to ‘good work’ when working with the Ambassador Advisory Council with GCI as I am surrounded by really inspiring people on the team, discussing the inspiring fellows, and work following these principles.

Yet in sharp contrast to this is my yoga teaching which I feel is a much stickier area for me. Sometimes I feel that the work I am doing is ‘good work’, but I struggle with some of the cultural hangovers of the colonial period in yoga and my role in teaching this as a white woman. It’s a difficult balance, and I have not got the answers for this, which means that I do not always feel that I am doing ‘good work’ despite my best efforts.

How and where do you find meaning in your work? 

Presenting myself with a constant reminder of intention is important for me to find meaning in my work. Reminding myself of what my intention is, and how in this moment I am doing that, helps me with this. It can be difficult when for example in my legal studies I am presented with compulsory modules that seem unconnected from my aims, however by considering what the module is trying to teach me both directly through content and indirectly through transferable skills, can help me remember why I am pursuing a legal career and find meaning in what I am doing.

Something that my yoga practice has taught me is the power of now, and value of presence. This helps me, not least by giving me an opportunity to consider things much bigger than myself.

Tell us about your biggest challenges, and how you work to tackle them.

During my GCSE years and into my A Level years, I started to have daily seizures. The cause could not be discovered despite years of testing.  This caused me to take my own steps towards a healthier outlook, both mentally and physically, that has really changed things for me. I’ve managed to increase the gap between my episodes up to a year, and feel very positive about it, but it has taken dedication, resilience and self-awareness. This year, an accident led me to consider these three things again, and how I might take them forward to work through less personal and more professional challenges.

Looking for employment currently is a good example of this category of challenge that I am currently facing as my time at law school draws to a close in a global pandemic. The dedication to continue to apply, the resilience in getting up from every rejection, and the self-awareness to realise what I have to do to improve is how I am working to overcome this challenge, and hopefully those I will face in the workplace.

Have you ever faced a dilemma where you weren’t sure what the “right” course of action was? How did you handle this situation?

I have found yoga to be a massive help to me both physically, to complement the running I enjoy, and most importantly, mentally. Because of this, I decided to become a teacher to develop my practice and share the practice with others.

What I did not expect from the teacher training was such a deep dive into the philosophy and ethics of yoga. Acknowledgement of the history from Ancient India to Colonisation has made me deeply question my part in the yogic tradition. Not paying lip service to the trauma of this time, the rich story of yoga, and yoga as a symbol of cultural identity when India was being torn apart at the hands of Colonialists, does the philosophical school of yoga such a disservice. One would not attend mass at a Church, prayers at a Mosque, Holi at a Hindu temple at the same readiness that one steps onto the yoga mat, shuffles a Spotify ‘Yoga Zen’ playlist, and puts their body into shapes, especially without noticing the flaws and cultural context of the texts. To be confronted with this reality is challenging,  and I found it hard to know if, on finishing my training, I should teach.

Having conversations with as varied a group as possible has really helped me, as well as acknowledging that the conversation is ongoing, most recently as highlighted through the BLM movement. For now, I continue to teach, attempting to acknowledge the history through my practice, by using the Sanskrit, continuing to educate myself by reading the texts, and making sure the voices I hear in the yoga community are as diverse as possible.

I’m not sure than this situation has been ‘handled’ but is very much part of a longer conversation that I am having with myself and others, trying to stay open to the idea that my opinions will be challenged and may change.

New Dilemma: The Pediatric Protector

by The Good Project Research Team

Have you ever felt torn between your professional responsibilities and your friends and family? Perhaps you are one of the 56% of American adults who find it difficult to balance work and family responsibilities. Or perhaps you’re a student who struggles to balance your responsibilities to school while also finding time to hang out with your peers--how much time do you have to spend on homework, and how much time is it okay to spend texting with friends? 

At The Good Project, we talk about this balancing act between professional and more personal responsibilities as a balance between neighborly morality and ethics of roles. Neighborly morality refers to how an individual might show kindness and respect to those in their immediate social circles; it includes behaviors such as honesty and other prosocial actions. In contrast, ethics of roles refers to the standards, norms, and regulations expected of those acting in a professional capacity (including students); one might think of the Hippocratic Oath for those in the medical field.

A new dilemma posted on our website deals with this tension between wanting to maintain one’s duty to one’s profession versus wanting to uphold one’s responsibilities to one’s neighbors. Please keep in mind that this dilemma deals with the sensitive topic of child abuse. Entitled The Pediatric Protector, it reads: 

Eliza is a retired former pediatrician who now works as a private language tutor. She often spends time bringing her grandchildren, ages eight and five, to their nearby playground. Her grandchildren recently struck up a friendship with a new six year old girl on the playground, who told them that her mother had “banged her up” at her home for playing on the stairs, so much so that she was in pain on the playground. After hearing about this from both her grandchildren, Eliza is not sure what to do. As a pediatrician, she was a mandated reporter, required to report any child abuse to the appropriate authorities. But she also knows that children can exaggerate or make mistakes; perhaps the mother was trying to keep the child safe, or she had fallen on her own. Eliza is told by a child welfare hotline that it is her decision whether to report or not. Her pediatrician friends urge her to report, and she feels obligated to as a former doctor. But Eliza worries the child could end up in a foster home where she might not be cared for.

The full dilemma can be read here. How would you describe the tension between the ethics of roles and neighborly morality Eliza is feeling? If you were in a similar situation, is there someone you would consult for advice?

On the one hand, as a former practicing pediatrician, Eliza is dealing with the requirements of her former responsibilities as a mandated reporter, an ethics of roles issue. On the other hand, Eliza cares for the children involved and is worried about their welfare should they end up in poor care, an issue of neighborly morality. What decision should she make, and what factors should she weigh in her decision making?

January Round-Up: Top 5 Articles

by Danny Mucinskas

The Good Project team wishes all of our visitors a happy and healthy start to 2021! We are hopeful that the year ahead will provide everyone with opportunities to do “good work” as the world continues to confront many challenges, from the COVID-19 pandemic to political division to climate change. With greater attention to the interconnections between us, and a commitment to collaborative and innovative problem-solving, we believe that humans can overcome these hurdles for the common good.

Below, we are sharing a few articles and resources that caught our attention this month, which we hope you also find thought-provoking and helpful.

  1. Why Your Sacrifices Matter During the Pandemic: The global threat of COVID-19 has now lasted nearly a full calendar year, and many people are feeling fatigued and letting their guards down. However, Greater Good Science Center summarizes why it is important to continue to be vigilant: the disease is serious, lives depend on our behavior, and the decisions we make today have the potential to affect others. As in our rings of responsibility, by considering how our actions affect others both near and far from us, we are motivated to make more ethical choices.

  2. The Hope and Fragility of Democracy in the United States: The riot at the United States Capitol on January 6 has provoked anxiety in many people about the future of democracy within America and abroad. Facing History and Ourselves responded to the moment with a teaching tool that explores the tension between democratic impulses and anti-democratic reactions in U.S. history, using the Reconstruction period as an example. This is an applicable resource that may be useful to teachers who are trying to find a way to explore recent events in their classrooms.

  3. How to Talk To Your Kids about the Capitol Riots: Our HGSE colleague, Rick Weissbourd of Making Caring Common provides some advice in the Harvard Gazette about navigating conversations with children about the events at the U.S. Capitol. His tips include leveraging historical context, avoiding demonizing one side or another, reassuring safety, and using this as an opportunity to discuss structural problems like racism and the vulnerability of democracy itself.

  4. A New Educational Ethics Curriculum: The Center for Ethics and Education has released a set of lesson plans focused on real-world educational issues, including the role of charter schools and how higher education is a force for social mobility, as a way to apply philosophical ideas for students. Each of the lessons is based on a podcast episode from the Center and includes specific instructions for teachers and resources for further reading.

  5. Google hired Timnit Gebru to be an outspoken critic of unethical AI. Then she was fired for it.: The power and wealth of technology giants like Apple and social media companies like Facebook has exploded over the past decade, and the ethical implications of the technologies that we use every day are numerous. The Washington Post reported on the recent termination at Google of an expert on ethics and artificial intelligence, raising questions about the degree to which tech companies can be trusted to self-monitor and regulate their products to ensure no harm is done.

Teaching Good Work in the Classroom

by Lynn Barendsen

In late October, Shelby Clark and I co-taught two sessions of an online course titled Teaching Good Work in the Classroom. Each two-hour course was designed to offer educators an introduction to materials from The Good Project for classroom use. The syllabus included a brief overview of our research, an introduction to a Good Work activity and dilemma, and an overview of the Good Project Resource Center. Participants included classroom teachers and school heads from public and private schools from around the U.S., as well as attendees from Australia, Brazil, Hong Kong, Italy, Morocco, the Netherlands, Panama, Poland, and Singapore. 

The Good Work activity introduced during these sessions asked participants to think of someone they consider to be a “Model Good Worker.” In small groups, educators considered the qualities or attributes that might be used to describe the individuals they had in mind, which included co-workers, family members, and paragons they may have never have met. 

Here are a few sample responses:

  • “Finds purpose in their work. Their work enriches rather than exploits.”

  • “Shares expertise freely with humility.”

  • “Is curious, asks clarifying questions to understand, not convince.”

  • “Is reflective and invested.”

  • “An advocate for others, they stand up for what is right.”

  • “Treating all people with dignity, being unafraid to speak out against injustices.”

Many of these responses  are ones we have heard in previous sessions; for example, educators used words such dedicated, honest, passionate, persistent, and fair. In addition, however, we noted  a social justice and advocacy focus present in some of the above comments that is less typical of our previous Good Work sessions. Although just one indication, participants’ comments were, not surprisingly, reflective about both the current political climate and the racial justice movement (internationally as well as within the U.S.).

During this course, educators also had the opportunity to consider an ethical dilemma—one that emerged from one of our research subjects.. This conundrum describes a high school science student who fabricated how she gathered her data because she believed it would give her a better chance at winning a prestigious prize. In small group discussions, participants discussed the dilemma using a “See, Think, Wonder” thinking routine. 

In writing about what they “saw” in this dilemma, some participants wrote that they recognized that this student had worked hard, and they empathized with her situation; others saw that she was hiding the truth; a number saw that she asserted that she had strong values. Many explained that they thought the student believed she was justified in her actions, and some explained that they had been in similar situations with their own students.  When asked what this dilemma made them “wonder,” educators asked what they might say if they were really in the student’s or her teacher’s shoes. Additionally, some wondered about the consequences of having people in powerful roles who are continuing to deviate away from the rules; yet others wondered about issues of equity and access in education. Although these last two considerations have come up in previous discussions about good work, they are not “typical” and have not come up in previous discussions of this particular dilemma.

This session felt notably different than other Good Project workshops I’ve led. Certainly, we were online rather than in person, but that is the nature of most of our work these days.  Educators are experiencing tremendous pressure: within the U.S. and beyond, their work is being viewed under a microscope, and they are constantly asked to adapt and change their plans at a moment’s notice. I, for one, anticipated that participants might be exhausted and negative. Instead, both groups were fully engaged, looking for new ideas, and seemed to enjoy the collegiality of working with like-minded peers—most of whom were unknown to them and may have come distant societies.. As described above, our shared conversation about what is and isn’t “good work” was impacted and deepened by #BLM and the pandemic.

We have also created an asynchronous version of the course, which we have posted in the Good Project Resource Center. Depending on what we hear from educators and researchers, we anticipate creating additional webinars in the future. These might include: introductions to Good Work dilemmas and activities for classroom use with different age groups; an overview of the Good Work lesson plans and suggestions for implementation;, professional development activities for teams of educators or other workers, and more. 

Please have a look and let us know about your interests and needs. We welcome your feedback.

On American Presidents: Rings of Responsibility and Irresponsibility

by Howard Gardner

Caption: Image of Rings of Responsibility: Inner to Outer rings are: Self, Others, Workplace, Domain, Society

Caption: Image of Rings of Responsibility: Inner to Outer rings are: Self, Others, Workplace, Domain, Society

In the first months of life, we are necessarily in the midst of a small circle of relatives and friends.  Throughout history (and presumably pre-history) most of us have remained within those confines. But it is possible to broaden one’s circle—and to be involved, for better or worse, with a much larger world.

In the original Good Work Project, we developed the concept and image of Rings of Responsibility. The basic idea: As we grow and venture forth from home, we can begin to relate to larger entities and groups—to our neighborhood, our school, our community, our workplace. Ultimately, we may relate to the nation, the region, the wider world—indeed to the whole earth. As researchers seeking to understand good work, our focus was on positive relations to this ever wider set of concentric circles. But, of course, there can be less positive relations as well—one can carry out compromised or patently bad work in these several widening circles of responsibility.

Of late, I’ve been contemplating the lives of individuals who have chosen to exert responsibility with respect to the outer circles: individual who have attained powerful leadership roles in government (or other sectors), as well as individuals who have chosen to address issues of global significance—climate change, nuclear arms control, a pandemic.

For the most part, we should probably assume a default sequence of events unfolding over the course of a lifetime. That is, we should assume that even powerful leaders began with relatively small spheres of responsibility and gradually expanded to regional, national, or even global spheres of influence. Perhaps the most familiar example comes from the life of Abraham Lincoln: born with modest means in the legendary log cabin, and gradually working his way westward to Illinois and to local politics, and then eastward to the White House and national (and to some extent) international relations.

Whatever the validity of this default assumption—which accords with common sense—it is instructive to consider cases which apparently violate the canonical sequence of rings. Recently, I’ve considered the unusual sequence of events surrounding the rise of John F. Kennedy to become the youngest elected president in American History.  Kennedy was the offspring of parents who were worldly: his maternal grandfather was the mayor of Boston and a major political figure in the Democratic party. His father, also from an influential family in the Boston area, became a major business, financial, and government figure, with international as well as national credentials.  While still a youth, John Kennedy had the rare opportunity to meet with American presidents, British royalty, and the Pope—and so it was natural for him (and his siblings) at an early age to feel a relationship to, and perhaps a responsibility for, individuals who lived well beyond the neighborhood.  A similar story could be told about British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (much admired by the young Kennedy), whose family was part of an international “jet set” before that phrase had been coined. Here, we behold a textbook contrast to the Lincoln saga.

Enter President Barack Obama, who has recently authored a fascinating account of his early life and the first years of his presidency in his A Promised Land. On one imaginable account, Obama would seem to have been a textbook case of someone who had to work his way over the decades through the rings of responsibility—culminating at the height of his career in nomination and election for the Presidency. And yet, as I connect the dots, Obama’s case is as similar to Kennedy’s as it is to Lincoln’s. Moreover, it may exhibit some of the same deficiencies as well as the same assets.

Of course, it’s only one case, but it can stimulate hypotheses that could be tested.

Several aspects of Obama’s background are rare in U.S. presidential biographies:

  • Absence of a father: While his father was alive during the first years of the future president’s life, young Barack essentially never knew his father. Accordingly, he was free of any constraints that the father might have imposed on him while also being able to imagine him as he wished him to be. Other figures in history without father figures have described both the freedom and the burden of this familial constellation.

  • A mother with a career of her own: Most American’s presidents have had powerful and influential mothers, perhaps more often than they have had potent father figures.  But Stanley Ann Dunham was unusual in that she was a working anthropologist, who traveled, taught, advised, wrote and juggled. Much of Barack’s childrearing was presided over by his maternal grandparents, two attractive figures.

  • International travel: Though of modest means, young Barack had the opportunity to travel—notably to Indonesia, where he lived for awhile as a child. He also travelled around the US and lived for years in Hawaii, to which his grandparents had retired.

  • Bi-racial parentage: Obama was able to move within and across groups but perhaps never felt like he belonged to either group—the delineation and scope of the ring was unclear.

Clearly very gifted and with an attractive personality, Obama had the usual uncertainties about career and life choices. As he reflects in the memoir:

I understood the absurdity of my vision, how wide the gap was between my grand ambitions and anything that I was actually doing in my life. I was like a young Walter Mitty, a Don Quixote with no Sancho Panza…my preference for navel gazing over action.

But once he had decided to go into electoral politics, his rise was meteoric—at least as swift as John Kennedy’s—and perhaps swifter. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1946 and to the presidency in 1960. Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1997, the United States Senate in 2004, and the Presidency in 2008.

I am content to leave it to historians to judge the success of the Obama presidency. But his recent memoir reveals what was long suspected: that he gladly grasped for the wider rings of responsibility, but (like future President John Kennedy), he was not particularly interested in or adept at the intermediate rings.

Evidence:  

  • While pleased to have been elected easily to the Illinois Senate, Obama did not find the work of much interest. He was glad that the sessions were short and pleased whenever he could leave Springfield and return to his family in Chicago.  As he reflects

A state senator wasn’t a glamorous post…on the other hand I had start somewhere and pay my dues…Also the Illinois state legislature was in session only a few weeks out of the year.

His election to the US Senate was triumphal and tremendously important. But in the Senate, which proceeds so much by seniority, it would ordinarily have taken decades for Obama to reach a position of power and influence.

Instead, almost from the time of his election—even more than John Kennedy, who had been interested in the Vice presidency in 1956—Obama was talked about as a future presidential candidate. He was an immediate media sensation at a time when media was extraordinarily powerful and influential. And when Senate majority leader Harry Reid told Obama that he was a strong  potential candidate, and that powerful Senator Charles Schumer concurred, Obama ceased active involvement in senatorial affairs and began to run the presidency. We might contend that he catapulted from being an Illinois representative directly to being a presidential candidate.

Once elected president, Obama moved easily and readily into being a global figure. In his first year in office he gave a historic speech in Egypt to the Muslim world; he won the Nobel Prize for Peace; he travelled around the globe and had reasonably effective relations with the gamut of world’s leaders.

But at home there was much essential work to do—to repair the economy after the fiscal crisis of 2007-2008; to make health care available and affordable; and to attempt other national initiatives, ranging from higher wages to better highways.

Obama had good ideas, capable advisers, and the ability to speak knowledgeably in many forums.

But like his predecessor, John Kennedy, Obama did not like the wheeling and dealing that is required if one is pass legislation in a government composed of three equal branches. Put sharply: he did not fully understand that making law was, in Bismarck’s immortal analogy, like “making sausage.” One had to be willing to speak to everyone tirelessly, and to make compromises widely and predictably, if one wants to get legislation passed.

Consider Obama’s own reflections. To get TARP relief, he had, to his own distaste, bargain with four senators—Collins and Snowe from Maine, Nelson from Nebraska, and Specter from Pennsylvania. 

None of these senators were shy about charging a hefty toll… even as their priorities added billions, the group insisted that the overall bill had to come in under $600 billions, because any figure higher than that just seemed too much …some went so far as to suggest that I barnstorm against Snowe, Collins, Specter, and Nelson in their home states…I told them this wouldn’t happen.

To be sure: it is not essential that the President always get involved in the making of political sausage. If you have a supermajority, it’s not necessary.  If you have Lyndon Johnson as your vice president (which JFK did), you have someone who can not only bargain with the opposite party, but who actually enjoys the give-and-take. Or, if you do not like the bargaining with individual legislators yourself, you can form a relationship to the leader of the opposition—which is what Republican Ronald Reagan did with “Tip” O’Neill, a fellow Irishmen and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

And whatever you do, don’t make fun of the leader of the Opposition—which is what President Obama did at the 2013 White House Correspondents meeting, where he quipped,  “Would YOU like to have a drink with Mitch McConnell?”

On reflection, Obama came to realize what he may have lacked:

FDR would never have made such mistakes…He’d known that in a crisis people need a story that makes sense to their hardships and spoke to their reactions… a morality tale with clear good guys and bad guys and  a plot they could easily follow… governance could not be so antiseptic that it set aside the basic stuff of politics: you had to sell your program, reward supporters, punch back against opponents, and amplify the facts that helped your cause while fudging the details that didn’t… whether trapped in my own high-mindedness, I’d failed to tell the American people a story they could believe in, and whether, having ceded the political narrative to my critics, I was going to be able to wrest it back.

So much for Barack Obama—and the costs for not having navigated mid-level rings of responsibility.

What about his successor?

Donald Trump was elected as essentially a political novice. It’s difficult to think of any president who arrived in the White House with so little experience in the give-and-take of electoral politics—the closest examples would be those Presidents who had previously been generals—Eisenhower, Grant, Taylor, Jackson come to mind. And so, Trump had to improvise his mode of dealing with legislation.

Essentially he didn’t. Instead, he dealt directly with his fans and public—those to whom he tweeted, or spoke directly through Fox News and Talk Radio. 

If he felt responsible to anyone beside himself, it would have been to these constituents.

And so it is worth asking about his own family background. Unlike that of most other presidents, Trump’s relationship with his mother is clouded in mystery. Our only clues come from the memoir of niece Mary Trump. On the memoirist’s account, Trump’s mother was distant and ill—her relation to her five children is unknown. Donald Trump was essentially raised by—or at least imprinted on—a self-made millionaire who was extremely tough-minded and who skirted the law for most of his life.  One might say that Fred Trump went through the rings of irresponsibility and that his son followed his examples. But this is not the occasion for further speculation.

© Howard Gardner 2021